High Investment opportunity in Waste-to-Energy (PSEL) Plants in Indonesia For Sceheduled 2025 to 2034 - Pose An Environmental Threat?

33 POTENTIAL Waste-to-Energy (WtE/PSEL) Plant Projects

A total of 85 companies have qualified for the Pre-Qualified Bidder List (Daftar Penyedia Terseleksi/DPT) for the phase two waste-to-energy (WtE/PSEL) project. This is the initial stage to participate in the tender process. The number of participants increased nearly fourfold from phase one, which only had 24 companies. This increase reflects the massive potential of the WtE business, which also signals significant investment inflow opportunities for Indonesia.

The Indonesian Government is currently developing 33 waste-to-energy (PSEL) plant projects, attracting interest from leading technology vendors from Japan, Europe, and China. PT Danantara Investment Management will finance this project through Patriot Bond funds, following the President's directives. The initial projects focus on seven cities, including Bali, Yogyakarta, and Medan, with official first tenders commencing on November 6, 2025. Twenty-four global companies, such as Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Veolia, and China Everbright, passed the first phase of selection (DPT). With a target of 33 WtE project sites, US$ 2.72 billion (equivalent to Rp 45.4 trillion) is required to develop waste-to-energy (PSEL) plants with a total capacity of 452.7 megawatts (MW) until 2034.

Every DPT company must form a consortium with local partners—whether private companies, State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN), or Regional Government-Owned Enterprises (BUMD)—to drive technology transfer and strengthen national capacity in waste management. The tender process runs simultaneously across seven cities, while the opening of the next DPT batch is planned to expand the participation of investors and technology providers. This initiative marks a crucial milestone in Indonesia's clean energy transition, while demonstrating the high potential of the waste-to-energy sector in attracting international investment and technological collaboration.

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WtE projects serve not only as a solution to overcome the chronic urban waste accumulation crisis but also present a major opportunity for new and renewable energy (EBT) development that attracts foreign investment interest.

The appeal of these projects will further strengthen if executed with good governance. “The Indonesian government remains fully committed to ensuring that the entire selection process for WtE partners is conducted transparently and competitively,”.

The companies listed in the DPT come from both domestic and international origins. There are firms from South Korea and Japan with extensive experience in converting waste into energy. Both nations are renowned for developing modern incineration technology with strict emission standards. In addition, there are companies from China, Europe, India, and Singapore.

Despite being crowded with foreign entities, the Indonesian government requests that the processing technology used must be relevant to local Indonesian conditions. Therefore, the selection will rely on technical experience and the company's track record in waste management, rather than its country of origin. The approach to this project must be placed within the context of resolving the national waste emergency. Indeed, the primary function of WtE is as an environmental rescue instrument, while the generated electricity is a side benefit of the process. The success of WtE projects will be heavily determined by governance transparency, regulatory certainty, and sustainable green financing. “Projects like Waste-to-Energy require a mature combination of technology, financing, and governance,”.

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 Three First-Wave WtE Locations Designated as National Strategic Projects

PT Danantara Investment Management (DIM) and PT Daya Energi Bersih Nusantara (Denera), a subsidiary of DIM focusing on Waste-to-Energy (PSEL) infrastructure development, support the designation of three PSEL facility projects as National Strategic Projects (PSN) by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia. The three projects include PSEL facilities in Bekasi, Greater Bogor, and Greater Denpasar, which are also part of the first wave of PSEL project implementation.

This designation refers to the Minister for Economic Affairs Regulation Number 16 of 2025, which includes the Integrated Waste Management Program in the National Strategic Project List, as well as Presidential Regulation Number 35 of 2018 and Presidential Regulation Number 109 of 2025 regarding the acceleration of eco-friendly technology-based waste-to-energy facility construction.

The PSN status confirms that the development of waste-to-energy facilities is now part of the national priority agenda. Besides contributing to the resolution of urban waste issues, these projects are also expected to support the expansion of the renewable energy mix, emission reduction, and more sustainable urban infrastructure development. The PSN designation for these three projects also provides key momentum in building the foundation of Indonesia's PSEL industry.

As a company formed to develop the national PSEL platform, Denera is tasked with developing waste-to-energy projects through strategic investment, technology selection, and cross-sector partnerships.

The PSN designation across these three first-wave locations demonstrates the Government's commitment to presenting integrated solutions to overcome the waste crisis. This initiative includes improving waste management systems, reducing dependence on landfills (TPA), and optimizing waste utilization into energy.

The PSN designation was issued through a National Strategic Project Certificate by the Committee for Acceleration of Priority Infrastructure Delivery (KPPIP), Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, to each Project Development and Management Enterprise (BUPP) in the three locations.

The three BUPPs that have obtained PSN status are:

1. PSEL Bekasi City (West Java Province), executed by Bekasi Environment Nusantara;
2. PSEL Greater Bogor (West Java Province), executed by Nusantara Bogor New Energy
3. PSEL Greater Denpasar (Bali Province), executed by Nusantara Bali New Energy.

These three BUPPs were formed based on the selection of PSEL partners by DIM, where the BUPP will be responsible for the development and execution of the project in their respective locations in accordance with the plans and governance agreed upon with the government.

With PSN status, these projects will receive implementation support through strengthened coordination across ministries and agencies, facilitation in resolving project bottlenecks, and various instruments required to ensure development runs efficiently and on target.

This PSN designation shows that waste management through PSEL is no longer just a regional necessity but a part of national strategic interests. This status not only accelerates realization in the three initial locations but also serves as an important stepping stone for PSEL facility development in subsequent locations.

Through collaboration with the government, local governments, technology partners, and various stakeholders, it is expected to deliver solutions that not only answer urban waste challenges but also create sustainable environmental, social, and economic value for the public.

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Eight Second-Wave WtE Locations from the second phase tender

On July 13, 2026, Danantara Investment Management (DIM) and PT Daya Energi Bersih Nusantara (Denera) announced 8 winning consortiums and companies for Phase 2 of Indonesia’s Waste-to-Energy (PSEL) program,  The area and company is detailed below :

• Medan Raya: SUEZ-IAN Consortium
• Kabupaten Bekasi: Consortium Everbright Cemerlang Energy
• Lampung Raya: Bumi Biru Indonesia
• Serang Raya: Masa Depan Energi Indonesia (affiliated with Chandra Asri Pacific)
• Semarang Raya: Veolia Environmental Services Asia Pte. Ltd
• Surabaya Raya: Consortium Mentari Citra Lestari (affiliated with Bakrie & Brothers)
• Bogor Raya 2: MPM-CEVIA Consortium
• Yogyakarta Raya: Cakra Energi Lestari Consortium

About PT Daya Energi Bersih Nusantara (Denera) and Danantara indonesia

PT Daya Energi Bersih Nusantara is a company focusing on the infrastructure development of Waste-to-Energy (PSEL) established under PT Danantara Investment Management (DIM) to implement PSEL development as mandated in Presidential Regulation Number 109 of 2025. Denera operates as an entity that coordinates and accelerates the development of PSEL projects in Indonesia by merging investment governance, technology partners, and project executors within an integrated ecosystem.

About Danantara Indonesia

Danantara Indonesia, known as the Daya Anagata Nusantara Investment Management Agency (BPI Danantara), is a strategic investment management agency established under Law Number 1 of 2025. As an independent institution directly under the President, Danantara Indonesia holds the mandate to manage and optimize government investments and State-Owned Enterprise (BUMN) assets to support the achievement of the Asta Cita mission, the national strategic plan, and government programs in accelerating industrialization and economic growth. Utilizing a professional, transparent, and accountable approach, Danantara Indonesia aims to strengthen the governance of state assets, create added value for the economy, and enhance Indonesia's competitiveness in the global market. 

"Does The Indonesian Waste-To-Energy Program Pose An Environmental Threat?"

The Waste-to-Energy (PSEL) program in Indonesia has sparked debate. On one hand, this project is claimed to be environmentally friendly as it reduces mounting waste. On the other hand, several organizations, such as Walhi, argue that PSEL has the potential to damage the environment if oversight is weak.

Potential Adverse Environmental Impacts

·         Emissions and Air Pollution: The waste incineration process risks releasing toxic gases, dioxins, and furans if chimney filters do not meet high standards.

·         Not a Purely Renewable Energy: Waste raw materials mixed with plastics generate carbon emissions, leading some parties to argue that PSEL is not entirely eco-friendly.

·         Water and Odor Threats: Piles of waste prior to incineration have the potential to produce leachate (waste liquid) that contaminates surrounding soil and water if not properly isolated.

·         Shifting Recycling Priorities: There are concerns that accelerating PSEL projects may lead to neglecting the habit of sorting waste at its source. [1]

Government Claims on the Positive Aspects

·         Reducing Landfill Volume: Altering the trajectory of accumulating waste mountains across various cities.

·         Energy Utilization: Generating alternative electricity while addressing the national waste emergency.

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PSEL (Waste-To-Electricity Processing) Momentum To Build Renewable Energy Ecosystem That Accelarate The Energy Transition In Indonesia

 

Amidst the hype surrounding Danantara's planned investment in PSEL (Waste-to-Electricity Processing), many have welcomed this plan, considering it a significant step forward in driving the energy transition toward national energy independence. However, many also consider this inappropriate, as it would significantly burden the finances and operations of PT PLN (State Electricity Company), and make it difficult for PLN itself to invest in renewable energy.

We should really support this program because the main problem that the government wants to address through this program is the problem of urban waste which is already very severe. So the spirit of issuance the  Presidential Regulation No. 109 year 2025 is to overcome the waste problem in all cities in Indonesia which is very urgent at this time which is different from the spirit of Presidential Regulation No. 35 year 2018 which is more about the development of  PLTSa (electricity from waste). This is evident from the terminology used currently with PSEL (Waste Processing into Electrical Energy) which shows that waste is the first priority of this program and is different from the previous program with the terminology of PLTSa, where electricity is the main priority not the waste. In fact, the previous  program is less successful because the PPA (Power Purchase Aggrement) process with PT PLN involves many parties, very complicated and lengthy aspects. The program with the previous Presidential Regulation No. 35 of 2018 which targeted 12 cities in Indonesia has not been successful in promoting the PLTSa program as an alternative energy source and waste utilization and in actually waste problem is getting worse.

The latest Presidential Regulation No. 109 of 2025 is considered to simplify the PPA process with PT PLN, reduce the number of parties involved, and eliminate tipping fees from local governments and other potential waste producers. This makes waste management the sole responsibility of the IPP in the landfill area. This is expected to drastically reduce complaints about the mounting waste by reducing the volume of waste. 

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We must support the spirit of the PSEL program to address the urban waste problem and immediately benefit from electricity through a simplified PPA system. Furthermore, the PSEL program is expected to provide a strong momentum for building a "renewable energy ecosystem" in the energy transition towards sustainable energy independence in Indonesia.

However, there are many things we need to improve to achieve that.

With the current electricity oversupply of PLN, especially in Java Island, where by 2024 alone in 4 GW (Giga Watt), it will be difficult for PT PLN to absorb PSEL electricity if at the same time the construction of PLTS  (solar PV) is very intensive even though it is limited by an annual quota. 

The current major waste problem is more prevalent in large cities on the island of Java and Bali, which average around 1,000 to 2,000 tons per day of waste production, while DKI Jakarta is the highest contributor at around 8,000 tons per day. If 1,000 tons of waste can produce 20 MW (Mega Watt) electricicty, then with a plan of around 33 PSELs and estimated around 20 units on the island of Java, there will be around 400 MW of additional electricity on the island of Java-Madura-Bali (Jamali), this is also a large amount for PT PLN Jamali which has a capacity of around 46 thousand MW but the peak load in 2024 is only around 28 thousand MW.

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In terms of price, 20 cents per kWh is very high compared to other electricity sources. This high price will complicate PT PLN's routine financial management and disrupt its routine operations. It will also make it difficult for PT PLN itself to invest in electricity from renewable energy sources. The difference between the purchase price of electricity from the private sector/IPP (independent Power Producer) and PLN's electricity cost (BPP) has been addressed through a government compensation scheme, but the process has been quite lengthy in the House of Representatives (DPR). The existence of the price compensation component actually masks the true picture of PT PLN's efficiency; PT PLN's inefficiency is masked by this compensation. This compensation cost differs from the cost of electricity subsidies for the poor citizen, where subsidies are related to a lower selling price than PT PLN's BPP. As of 2024, electricity subsidies are approximately 73.24 trillion rupiah, while electricity compensation is approximately 17.8 trillion rupiah. 

So, how can we address these issues?

To create a conducive investment ecosystem for renewable energy, facilitating investor in development of renewable energy and maintaining the financial and operational health of PT PLN (State Electricity Company), We should manage compensation and subsidies through a special funding agency. This will ensure that PSEL and other renewable energy development activities are aligned with the available funding within the agency. This strategy will prevent PT PLN from having to pay substantial subsidies and compensation for several months.

The existence of this special fund is in line with the spirit of the EBT ( New and Renewable Energy) Bill. If the Bill is enacted, it will ensure the smooth implementation of renewable energy programs that support the decarbonization program in accordance with Indonesia's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement of 31.89% by 2030.

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As stated in Article 56 paragraph 3 of the pending Bill, "The New Energy and Renewable Energy Fund as referred to in paragraph (1) shall be used for":

a. Financing New Energy and Renewable Energy infrastructure;
b. Financing New Energy and Renewable Energy incentives;
c. Compensation for Business Entities developing New Energy and Renewable 
    Energy;
d. Price subsidies for Renewable Energy where prices cannot yet compete with 
    non renewable Energy.

Therefore, given the current situation, a dedicated fund for renewable energy (NRE) is essential as soon as possible to create a conducive business environment for renewable energy development and support the energy sector's decarbonization program. This fund will be effective if the legal framework for the R&D Bill is enacted immediately.  

Currently, deliberations on the 2022 Renewable Energy Bill have been delayed due to a dispute over power wheeling and stalled due to the replacement of House members. Deliberations on the Renewable Energy Bill are now in the hands of the 2024-2029 House of Representatives (DPR) member for immediate resolution.

Of course, to ensure the swift enactment of the EBT Bill, the power wheeling dispute must be resolved immediately. The power wheeling scheme is considered to increase the efficiency of new and renewable energy utilization while simultaneously encouraging the development of green electricity infrastructure in various industrial sectors.

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Climate Change and Clean Energy in Indonesia

Impact Of Climate Change in Indonesia

Indonesia is one of the countries that is facing the threat of climate change. Floods, long droughts, landslides, forest fires that occur in Indonesia are related to climate change in the world. Generally, climate change that occurs in Indonesia revolves around large-scale deforestation, forest fires, damage to wetlands and the loss of carbon dioxide absorption. Strategies that can be done to deal with climate change are the development and improvement of irrigation networks, integrated natural disaster management, building infrastructure and protecting beaches from potential damage due to abrasion and sea level rise to public campaigns.

This climate change has a challenge to development in terms of social and economic environment in a sustainable manner as well as to the achievement of Indonesia's development goals. To overcome this, we need to immediately integrate climate change mitigation and adaptation into the social development planning system.

The government needs to protect water sources such as conservation of existing water sources so that they don't break and get damaged, rivers are also secured and the irrigation network is improved for the efficiency of water distribution.

For conservation, the government together with the community needs to maintain existing water sources in order to increase the efficiency of water use and that is anticipation in overcoming the problem of climate change.

We need to be able to find a way out together to overcome climate change and the participation of all parties can be increased because whatever we do is also influential for the life of the world because Indonesia is part of the world.

Prevent Climate Change with Clean Energy

In Indonesia the energy sector contributes greatly to overcoming global climate change due to the high consumption of energy in all sectors

One of the biggest causes of climate change is caused by (sector) energy, especially electricity

Until now, the portion of the national energy mix is ​​still dominated by energy that comes from Coal. Steam Power Plant of coal is the largest contributor to electricity generation with a portion of more than 50%.

In order to suppress the dominance of these energy sources, the Government needs to accelerate the development of power plants that minimize greenhouse gas emissions.

Clean and environmentally friendly energy plants that have been proven are Wind energy, Hydro Power and the easiest rooftop PV.

If rooftop PV.reaches an efficient and easily accessible price in the future. then we can help reduce the level of emissions and climate change.

In addition, the Government should also accelerates the presence of electric vehicles because the energy consumption from the transportation sector that comes from fossil fuels is also quite large.

So our step is to use clean energy to help overcome the impact of climate change in addition to maintaining the sustainability of forests and the replanting of deforested forests

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Government Revises NRE Energy Mix Target, Down to 17-19 % by 2025

 

Through the National Energy Council (DEN), the government has changed the new renewable energy mix (NRE) target in 2025 to 17-19 percent, which is lower than the previous target of 23 percent. This change was announced through the renewal of the National Energy Policy (KEN).

DEN has revised Government Regulation (PP) No. 79 of 2014 on the national energy policy, in order to adapt to changes in the strategic environment and fulfill obligations related to climate change. This step also aims to support the energy transition towards carbon neutrality by 2060.

DEN officer for energy policy and conference organization, explained that the previous target in 2023 was 23 percent, but with the KEN update, the target is now 17-19 percent. The goal of this change is that target achievements can still be met, even if only the lowest numbered scenario is achieved.

"The target is 23 percent in 2023. "In the renewal of the KEN, if PP signed by the president, it will change to 17-19 percent,As DEN Energy Policy and Conference Facilitation Office Head said at a press conference on the achievements of the ESDM 2023 sector and the Work Program for 2024 at the Office of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources in Jakarta

DEN stated that the goal change in the range of numbers was intended so that if the goal was achieved, it would still be achieved even though it was only achieved in the lowest number scenario.

It is good if the lower target is achieved, then the Government still work to attain the higher target.

In the energy transition plan in the revised PP KEN, the primary goal of the energy mix for EBT is expected to reach 19-21 percent in 2025, 25-26 percent in 2030, 38-41 percent in 2040 and reach 70-72 percent of the year 2060.

DEN also noted that significant changes have taken place in the 2060 NRE mix target, where the previous target of the old PP KEN was 70 percent of energy coming from fossils. However, with this change, the target is 70-72 percent of energy coming from NRE, while 30 percent is from fossil fuels.

It is targetted in later 2060 will be 70-72 percent NRE, while in the old PP KEN, 70 percent would be fossils by 2050. Now it's the other way around, 70 percent EBT, 30 percent fossil fuels.

Currently, the process of renewal of PP KEN is in the phase of harmonization by the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. This revision is also based on macroeconomic considerations, given that PP KEN was previously based on economic growth of 7-8 percent which was considered irrelevant to current economic conditions.

According to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM), the EBT mix by the end of 2023 reached only 13.1%.

The Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources  aims for the KEN RPP to be completed by June 2024.

We see that  the mix NRE target mainly based on economic growth prediction, as said by DEN officer.

We do not see that the government much consider on the availability of fossil energy and renewal energy in Indonesia. If the price of renewable energy still high then the government should make much effort to make renewable energy investment more feasible for the investor.

The latest condition happen in NRE investment where The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM)  terminate the electricity export-import scheme originating from rooftop solar power plants (PLTS) between customers and National Electricity company (PT PLN (Persero)).

This is in accordance with the issuance of Ministerial Regulation (Permen) concerning Energy and Mineral Resources Number 2 of 2024 which refers to PLTS Rooftops connected to the electric power network holders of business permits for providing electricity for the public interest (IUPTLU).

The Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation  office (EBTKE) of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources stated that the reason for the cancellation of the electricity export-import scheme from rooftop PLTS from consumers to PT PLN (Persero) was due to the minimal amount of electricity exports carried out by the community.

In the new regulation, even if someone carries out import and export activities of electricity produced from PLTS Rooftops from the community to PLN, the tariff will not be reduced or what is called 'lower costs' as applied in the regulation. Previous regulations, namely Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 26/2021, with this revision, the rules for exporting and importing electricity are abolished.

Thus, excess electricity from the Rooftop PLTS system that enters the current network is no longer taken into account in the electricity bills of customers who install Rooftop PLTS.

We can see that the government policy is not favour for investment in renewable  energy. Beside the community there will be industrial and commercial building that can install high capacity of PLTS which contribute significant amount in energy export to PLN. In turn their activity will support the government program in National Energy mix from renewable energy (NRE)

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ANALISA SIFAT BAHAN BAKAR BATUBARA - PROXYMATE DAN ULTIMATE ANALYSIS

 

PROXYMATE DAN ULTIMATE ANALYSIS

Klasifikasi Batubara

Batubara diklasifikasikan menjadi tiga jenis utama yaitu antrasit, bitumen, dan lignit. 

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Indonesia Electric Demand From Rapid Growth of Electric Vehicle (EV) Use

 Electric Car and Environment 

The growth of motorized vehicles is increasing currently. Based on BPS data (Nasional Bureau of Statisctic), growth in the number of national motorized is worrying because  fuel consumption significantly raises so that the amount of Indonesian fuel imports jumped dramatically. The value of fuel imports about 70-80% is consumed by the land transportation sector. This is expected  to increase constantly and according to the National Energy General Plan (RUEN) document, fuel imports will exceed IDR 550 trillion in 2025.

at this time, Fuel uses for motor vehicles also as a contributor to the  air pollution especially in big cities. The last measurement of the Environment Service shows that the air quality in big cities in Indonesia has worsened and the majority is caused by motor vehicle emissions. In Jakarta, for example, air quality is above the value of 155 from the upper threshold of 200 which shows that it is unhealthy and 78% of the causes are vehicles fossil fuel (BBM) engines.

 

The things above encourage the need for energy conservation  in the ground transportation sector from fossil fuels. We need  to use  more other forms of clean energy and the availability of energy comes from local  sources. The first suitable option is the implementation of Electric Vehicle (EV) for the land transportation sector, both personal and for public purposes. EV is considered more environmentally friendly because it does not emit gas emissions as it would in a fossil fuel vehicle. Environmental aspects will drive the general public to prefer EV in the future. Air pollution in urban areas will be drastically reduced if EVs is widely used in urban areas. This is what causes commitment of developed countries to encourage the development of implementation EV. Following are the policies of several countries related to EV:

● Norway, will sell electric vehicles in 2025.

● The Netherlands, will sell electric vehicles in 2025.

● Germany, will sell electric vehicles in 2030.

● India, will sell electric vehicles in 2030.

 

Electric Car Market Trends

The trend of the electric car market in Indonesia since 2011 is almost entirely dominated by hybrid type electric cars in line with the government's wishes to reduce CO2 emissions produced by the transportation sector.

Meanwhile, A total of 1,594 units of electrification technology vehicles (electric vehicles, EV) were sold at the GAIKINDO Indonesia International Auto Show or GIIAS 2022 automotive exhibition. This figure exceeds sales throughout 2021. The sales achievement of electric vehicles at the GIIAS event was far greater than EV sales during the one year period in 2021.

Picture below shows the market trend electric car in Indonesia period of years 2011-2019.

Electric Demand Projection

Based on the assumptions and market trends above and taking into account issuance of a Presidential Regulation concerning the Acceleration of Electric Motorized Vehicles Battery for Road Transport as well as production line setup time in manufacturing units, the estimation growth in electric vehicles quantity  in Indonesia are estimated as in the table below.

Tabel 1. Electric Vehicle Growth Projection 

The calculation of the accumulated number of electric vehicles in the table above is carried out taking into account the number of electric vehicles already circulating in Indonesia since 2011. Projection and preparation of roadmap update are being carried out taking into account the recovery time demand electric car due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Estimated Electrical Energy Needs for EV

Following are the assumptions used in calculating the need for Electrical Energy for EVs :

Tabel 2. Assumption Used in EV Energy Consumption Calculation

Assuming that the minimum average mileage range of the vehicle electricity a year is 8,500 km and the maximum is 18,800 km/year, then  maximum electricity consumption of an electric vehicle with an average battery capacity an average of 0.189 kWh/km. Consider charging period based on the type and type of charger, the average electricity demand can be determined in every year. the population of electric vehicles is estimated as many as 11,873 units in 2022, estimated needs average energy of 30.6 GWh. In accordance with the roadmap prepared until the year 2024 with an estimated number of electric vehicles of 38,491 units in the that year, the average energy demand in 2024 is around 99.3 GWh.

Reference

Electricity Business Plan (RUPTL) PT PLN (Persero) 2021-2030

https://www.acc.co.id/accone/InfoTerkini_Detail?Id=3905&title=Infografis-Prestasi-Penjualan-Mobil-Listrik-Indonesia-Meningkat-2-Kali-Lipat-

https://www.gaikindo.or.id/1-594-mobil-listrik-terjual-di-giias-2022-angkanya-meningkat/

 

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BETULKAH BBM PERTALITE NILAI OCTANE NYA RON 90 ?

RON PERTALITE 

BEBERAPA METHODE PENGUKURAN OCTANE NUMBER RON

Setelah kenaikan harga BBM jenis pertalite ditandai dengan munculnya isu bahwa pemakain BBM ini menjadi lebih boros.

Ada pula yang  menunjukkan hasil pengukuran dengan alat ukur angka octane portable yang menunjukkan bahwa nilai  BBM pertalite yang beredar saat in nilainya hanya RON 86.

Hal ini kemudian dibantah oleh pihak Pertamina dengan menampilkan hasil pengukuran secara Lab menggunakan mesin CFR atau (Cordinating fuel research) yang dilakukan oleh tim independent dari ITB.

Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa nilai oktan BBM pertalite yang beredar adalah sesuai dengan ketentuan yaitu RON 90. Menurut tim ITB “Hasil berbeda karena mesin CFR adalah alat uji oktan yang berlaku secara internasional dan cara kerjanya menduplikasi pembakaran dalam mesin,”. Jadi alat portable tidak akurat dan tidak terkalibrasi serta tidak menduplikasi pembakaran dalam mesin.

Lalu bagaimana sesungguhnya proses perhitungan nilai octane RON untuj BBM ini ? apakah benar portable meter ini sama sekali tidak bermanfaat ?

 

Metode Penentuan Angka Oktan

Saat ini, ada beberapa metode untuk menguji ketahanan ledakan bensin mobil dengan menentukan angka RON octane. Metode pengujian penentuan bilangan oktan yang ada dirangkum sebagai berikut:

1. Motor and Research standard methods for octane number determination

Angka oktan motor suatu bahan bakar ditentukan dengan membandingkan bahan bakar referensi dengan kecenderungan detonasi dari campuran bahan bakar referensi dengan angka oktan yang diketahui pada kondisi operasi standar. Metode khusus adalah untuk mendapatkan kekuatan detonasi standar dengan mengubah rasio kompresi dan mengukur kekuatan detonasi dengan meteran detonasi elektronik.

Saat ini, standar penentuan angka oktan adalah metode uji oktan penelitian (ASTM D2699, GB/T 5487) dan metode uji oktan motor (ASTM D2700, GB/T 503).

2. Interpolation method

Dilakukan dalam kondisi ketika rasio kompresi mesin silinder tunggal tetap tidak berubah. Pembacaan meteran detonasi bahan bakar yang diuji, terletak di antara data pembacaan meteran detonasi dari dua bahan bakar referensi yang angka oktannya yang diketahui. (Perbedaan antara angka oktan tidak boleh lebih besar dari 2). Kemudian angka oktan bahan bakar yang diuji dihitung dengan rumus interpolasi.

3. Compression Ratio Method

Intensitas detonasi standar mesin dikalibrasi dengan bahan bakar referensi, kemudian bahan bakar yang diukur diganti dengan bahan bakar yang diuji. Dengan menyesuaikan tinggi silinder (rasio kompresi), intensitas detonasi bahan bakar yang diuji sama dengan bahan bakar referensi. Ketinggian silinder saat ini dicatat. Dan angka oktan dari bahan bakar yang diuji diperoleh dengan memeriksa tabel.

4. Infrared Spectrometry (NIR – Near Infrared Spectrometry)

Saat ini, metode deteksi cepat bilangan oktan bahan bakar meliputi spektroskopi inframerah, kromatografi meteorologi, dan spektroskopi resonansi magnetik nuklir. Karena keunggulan biaya rendah, kecepatan pengujian cepat, tidak ada polusi emisi dan konsumsi bahan bakar yang lebih sedikit. Spektroskopi inframerah secara bertahap menjadi teknologi utama untuk penentuan angka oktan bensin otomotif. Prinsip dasar spektroskopi inframerah adalah menggunakan spektroskopi inframerah untuk menentukan proporsi berbagai komponen dan komponen dalam bensin otomotif. Kemudian, angka oktan bensin otomotif yang diuji dapat dihitung dan dianalisis.

5. Driving method

Karena angka oktan yang diukur dengan metode laboratorium tidak dapat sepenuhnya mencerminkan kemampuan anti ledakan yang sebenarnya dari bensin saat berkendara di jalan raya. Beberapa negara juga menggunakan metode mengemudi untuk mengevaluasi kinerja anti-ledakan bensin yang sebenarnya. Angka oktan yang diukur dengan metode ini disebut angka oktan jalan. Karena kompleksitas metode mengemudi, rumus empiris sering digunakan dalam aplikasi praktis.

Lalu Apa itu Nilai oktan?

Tingkat angka oktan menggambarkan kinerja bensin dalam kondisi yang berbeda – Angka Oktan Motor (MON) dan Angka Oktan Riset (RON).

Bensin harus mematuhi persyaratan angka Oktan yang ditetapkan, artinya kilang harus dapat mengukur parameter ini selama pemrosesan untuk memastikan bahwa produk akhirnya dapat dijual.

Nilai oktan adalah ukuran stabilitas dari bahan bahan bakar yang diuji. Nilai  ini didasarkan pada kondisi tekanan di mana bahan bakar akan terbakar secara spontan (menyala otomatis) dalam mesin pengujian. Angka oktan sebenarnya adalah rata-rata sederhana dari dua metode penilaian oktan yang berbeda — Angka oktan motor (MOR) dan angka oktan penelitian (RON) — yang berbeda terutama dalam spesifikasi kondisi operasinya. Semakin tinggi angka oktan, maka bahan bakarnya semakin stabil.

Berkaitan dengan BBM yang beredar di pasaran ada tiga kategori nilai  oktannya yaitu :

• BBM Reguler (nilai oktan terendah–umumnya 87)

• BBM middlle (nilai oktan menengah berkisar antara 89–90)

• BBM Premium (nilai oktan tertinggi umumnya antara 91–94)

Beberapa perusahaan memiliki nama yang berbeda untuk kelas bensin ini, seperti tanpa timbal, super, atau super premium, tetapi semuanya mengacu pada peringkat atau nilai oktan.

Bagaimana tingkat oktan mempengaruhi kendaraan?

Mesin, dalam hal ini mesin mobil,  dirancang untuk membakar BBM dalam pembakaran yang terkontrol. Saat busi memercikkan nyala api ke dalam ruang bakar, maka api akan  menyebar membakar seluruh isi silinder sampai semua bahan bakar di dalam silinder terbakar. Di kasus lain sebagai perbandingan karena BBM yang tidak stabil (nilai octane rendah), pembakaran spontan, detonasi, atau ketukan, terjadi ketika kenaikan suhu dan tekanan dari pembakaran utama menyebabkan bahan bakar yang tidak terbakar api bisa menyala. pembakaran spontan sekunder yang tidak terkendali ini dapat menyebabkan tekanan di dalam silinder melonjak, dan ini yang menyebabkan terjadinya ketukan. Berikut gambaran tentang pembakaran utama dan pembakaran sekunder

Gambaran kondisi terjadinya knocking

Pembakaran Spontan Dalam Silinder Mesin Bensin Menyebabkan Knocking Mesin

Persaingan antara pembakaran yang disengaja (terkendali) dan tidak disengaja (spontan) menyebabkan energi dari bahan bakar yang terbakar menyebar tidak merata, yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan dan memberikan tekanan tinggi pada piston mesin sebelum melakukan  langkah tenaga (bagian dari siklus ketika gerakan piston menghasilkan tenaga).

 Karena itu, kondisi yang diinginkan agar tidak terjadi knocking di dalam mesin BBM adalah seperti ditunjukkan pada gambar di bawah ini :

 

Gambar Normal combustion dalam cylinder mesin bensin

Sebelum jenis pengapian dengan system control yang terkomputerisasi banyak digunakan, kasus ketukan (knocking)  ini sering terjadi dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan mesin yang signifikan. Pada umunnya mesin modern memiliki sensor untuk mendeteksi terjadinya ketukan. Saat terdeteksi, system control terkomputerisasi menunda percikan awal, yang menyebabkan pembakaran terkontrol terjadi pada titik saat kompresi tidak mencapai titik tertinggi. Meskipun hal  ini dapat menghilangkan ketukan, namun justru dapat menyebabkan mesin bekerja kurang efisien.

PENGUKURAN OCTANE DENGAN MESIN PENGUJIAN OCTANE

Cara standar pengujian oktan adalah dengan mesin pengujian oktan. Tes ini mirip dengan cara menentukan massa suatu benda dengan membandingkannya dengan benda (referensi) yang massanya diketahui pada skala keseimbangan. Bahan Bakar Referensi Primer (Primer Refference Fuel/PRF) dengan oktan yang diketahui secara tepat dibentuk dengan menggabungkan iso-oktana, heptana, dan standar terkenal lainnya seperti toluena. PRF ini digunakan untuk mengelompokkan sampel bahan bakar yang diberikan untuk menentukan tekanan di mana intensitas ketukan yang serupa diamati. Pengukuran ini dilakukan dengan mengatur tinggi oktan silinder mesin, yang mengubah rasio kompresi/tekanan di dalam mesin hingga ketukan mencapai tingkat intensitas tertentu.

Untuk menentukan RON, bahan bakar diuji pada kondisi engine idle dengan temperatur udara rendah dan putaran engine lambat. Untuk menentukan MON, bahan bakar diuji di bawah kondisi tekanan tinggi yang lebih tinggi.

Kondisi inilah yang disimulasikan oleh mesin untuk menghitung nilai octane dari BBM yang diuji.

Gambar Octane Testing Machine

MENENTUKAN BILANGAN OKTAN MENGGUNAKAN SPEKTROSKOPI NIR

Metode konvensional pengukuran angka oktan disebut metode knock engine seperti diuraikan diatas. Dalam metode ini bahan bakar dibakar dan pembakarannya dibandingkan dengan standar yang diketahui. Metode ini berbasis lab, tidak efisien waktu dan tenaga dan tidak dapat digunakan untuk pengendalian proses.

Spektrometer NIR Gelombang Terpandu dapat digunakan untuk menyediakan pengukuran bilangan Oktan waktu nyata di lingkungan penyulingan. Analisis NIR real-time menghemat waktu dan uang jika dibandingkan dengan analisis konvensional dan sistem yang dibangun oleh Guided Wave Dirancang untuk pemantauan proses. Pengukuran bilangan oktan menggunakan NIR sudah mapan dalam literatur, pertama kali dilakukan pada tahun 1989.1

 

Gambar  NIR Spectrometer Untuk Ukur Octane number

 

Metode Pengukuran

Dengan mengumpulkan spektrum NIR sampel bahan bakar dengan bilangan Oktan yang diketahui, dimungkinkan untuk mengembangkan model yang secara akurat memprediksi angka Oktan sampel dari informasi dalam spektrum NIR-nya.

Hasil pengukuran dengn metode NIR Spektrometer diakui akurat dan dekat dengan hasil pengukuran laboratorium. Gambar berikut menunjukkan perbandingan antara hasil metode Lab dan NIR spectrometer.

Gambar berikut menunjukkan prediksi RON dan MON untuk satu jenis BBM yang dianalisis.

 

Gambar  Prediksi RON

 

Gambar Prediksi MON

Terbukti bahwa nilai yang dihitung sesuai dengan penentuan berbasis lab. Perhitungan RON dan MON menggunakan metode ini sederhana untuk berbagai jenis bensin dan dapat digunakan untuk membedakan dengan jelas antara sampel dengan angka Oktan tinggi, sedang dan rendah.

Jadi tidak bisa dikalim begitu saja bahwa hasil pengukuran dengan alat portabel sama sekali salah, Teknologi alat ukur elektronik sudah sangat maju dengan proses miniaturisasi yang cepat. Sementara alat ukur Test knocking machine sendiri merupakan metode lama yang mahal dan lama prosesnya. Untuk kasus BBM pertalite perlu di lakukan kalibrasi bersama dan pengukuran ulang bersama agar didapatkan nilai yang bisa diterima masyarakat

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