PSEL (Waste-To-Electricity Processing) Momentum To Build Renewable Energy Ecosystem That Accelarate The Energy Transition In Indonesia

 

Amidst the hype surrounding Danantara's planned investment in PSEL (Waste-to-Electricity Processing), many have welcomed this plan, considering it a significant step forward in driving the energy transition toward national energy independence. However, many also consider this inappropriate, as it would significantly burden the finances and operations of PT PLN (State Electricity Company), and make it difficult for PLN itself to invest in renewable energy.

We should really support this program because the main problem that the government wants to address through this program is the problem of urban waste which is already very severe. So the spirit of issuance the  Presidential Regulation No. 109 year 2025 is to overcome the waste problem in all cities in Indonesia which is very urgent at this time which is different from the spirit of Presidential Regulation No. 35 year 2018 which is more about the development of  PLTSa (electricity from waste). This is evident from the terminology used currently with PSEL (Waste Processing into Electrical Energy) which shows that waste is the first priority of this program and is different from the previous program with the terminology of PLTSa, where electricity is the main priority not the waste. In fact, the previous  program is less successful because the PPA (Power Purchase Aggrement) process with PT PLN involves many parties, very complicated and lengthy aspects. The program with the previous Presidential Regulation No. 35 of 2018 which targeted 12 cities in Indonesia has not been successful in promoting the PLTSa program as an alternative energy source and waste utilization and in actually waste problem is getting worse.

The latest Presidential Regulation No. 109 of 2025 is considered to simplify the PPA process with PT PLN, reduce the number of parties involved, and eliminate tipping fees from local governments and other potential waste producers. This makes waste management the sole responsibility of the IPP in the landfill area. This is expected to drastically reduce complaints about the mounting waste by reducing the volume of waste.

We must support the spirit of the PSEL program to address the urban waste problem and immediately benefit from electricity through a simplified PPA system. Furthermore, the PSEL program is expected to provide a strong momentum for building a "renewable energy ecosystem" in the energy transition towards sustainable energy independence in Indonesia.

However, there are many things we need to improve to achieve that.

With the current electricity oversupply of PLN, especially in Java Island, where by 2024 alone in 4 GW (Giga Watt), it will be difficult for PT PLN to absorb PSEL electricity if at the same time the construction of PLTS  (solar PV) is very intensive even though it is limited by an annual quota.

The current major waste problem is more prevalent in large cities on the island of Java and Bali, which average around 1,000 to 2,000 tons per day of waste production, while DKI Jakarta is the highest contributor at around 8,000 tons per day. If 1,000 tons of waste can produce 20 MW (Mega Watt) electricicty, then with a plan of around 33 PSELs and estimated around 20 units on the island of Java, there will be around 400 MW of additional electricity on the island of Java-Madura-Bali (Jamali), this is also a large amount for PT PLN Jamali which has a capacity of around 46 thousand MW but the peak load in 2024 is only around 28 thousand MW

In terms of price, 20 cents per kWh is very high compared to other electricity sources. This high price will complicate PT PLN's routine financial management and disrupt its routine operations. It will also make it difficult for PT PLN itself to invest in electricity from renewable energy sources. The difference between the purchase price of electricity from the private sector/IPP (independent Power Producer) and PLN's electricity cost (BPP) has been addressed through a government compensation scheme, but the process has been quite lengthy in the House of Representatives (DPR). The existence of the price compensation component actually masks the true picture of PT PLN's efficiency; PT PLN's inefficiency is masked by this compensation. This compensation cost differs from the cost of electricity subsidies for the poor citizen, where subsidies are related to a lower selling price than PT PLN's BPP. As of 2024, electricity subsidies are approximately 73.24 trillion rupiah, while electricity compensation is approximately 17.8 trillion rupiah.

So, how can we address these issues?

To create a conducive investment ecosystem for renewable energy, facilitating investor in development of renewable energy and maintaining the financial and operational health of PT PLN (State Electricity Company), We should manage compensation and subsidies through a special funding agency. This will ensure that PSEL and other renewable energy development activities are aligned with the available funding within the agency. This strategy will prevent PT PLN from having to pay substantial subsidies and compensation for several months.

The existence of this special fund is in line with the spirit of the EBT ( New and Renewable Energy) Bill. If the Bill is enacted, it will ensure the smooth implementation of renewable energy programs that support the decarbonization program in accordance with Indonesia's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement of 31.89% by 2030.

As stated in Article 56 paragraph 3 of the pending Bill, "The New Energy and Renewable Energy Fund as referred to in paragraph (1) shall be used for":

    a. Financing New Energy and Renewable Energy infrastructure;

    b. Financing New Energy and Renewable Energy incentives;

    c. Compensation for Business Entities developing New Energy and Renewable Energy;

   d. Price subsidies for Renewable Energy where prices cannot yet compete with 

       non renewable Energy.

Therefore, given the current situation, a dedicated fund for renewable energy (NRE) is essential as soon as possible to create a conducive business environment for renewable energy development and support the energy sector's decarbonization program. This fund will be effective if the legal framework for the R&D Bill is enacted immediately.

Currently, deliberations on the 2022 Renewable Energy Bill have been delayed due to a dispute over power wheeling and stalled due to the replacement of House members. Deliberations on the Renewable Energy Bill are now in the hands of the 2024-2029 House of Representatives (DPR) member for immediate resolution.

Of course, to ensure the swift enactment of the EBT Bill, the power wheeling dispute must be resolved immediately. The power wheeling scheme is considered to increase the efficiency of new and renewable energy utilization while simultaneously encouraging the development of green electricity infrastructure in various industrial sectors.

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Climate Change and Clean Energy in Indonesia

Impact Of Climate Change in Indonesia

Indonesia is one of the countries that is facing the threat of climate change. Floods, long droughts, landslides, forest fires that occur in Indonesia are related to climate change in the world. Generally, climate change that occurs in Indonesia revolves around large-scale deforestation, forest fires, damage to wetlands and the loss of carbon dioxide absorption. Strategies that can be done to deal with climate change are the development and improvement of irrigation networks, integrated natural disaster management, building infrastructure and protecting beaches from potential damage due to abrasion and sea level rise to public campaigns.

This climate change has a challenge to development in terms of social and economic environment in a sustainable manner as well as to the achievement of Indonesia's development goals. To overcome this, we need to immediately integrate climate change mitigation and adaptation into the social development planning system.

The government needs to protect water sources such as conservation of existing water sources so that they don't break and get damaged, rivers are also secured and the irrigation network is improved for the efficiency of water distribution.

For conservation, the government together with the community needs to maintain existing water sources in order to increase the efficiency of water use and that is anticipation in overcoming the problem of climate change.

We need to be able to find a way out together to overcome climate change and the participation of all parties can be increased because whatever we do is also influential for the life of the world because Indonesia is part of the world.

Prevent Climate Change with Clean Energy

In Indonesia the energy sector contributes greatly to overcoming global climate change due to the high consumption of energy in all sectors

One of the biggest causes of climate change is caused by (sector) energy, especially electricity

Until now, the portion of the national energy mix is ​​still dominated by energy that comes from Coal. Steam Power Plant of coal is the largest contributor to electricity generation with a portion of more than 50%.

In order to suppress the dominance of these energy sources, the Government needs to accelerate the development of power plants that minimize greenhouse gas emissions.

Clean and environmentally friendly energy plants that have been proven are Wind energy, Hydro Power and the easiest rooftop PV.

If rooftop PV.reaches an efficient and easily accessible price in the future. then we can help reduce the level of emissions and climate change.

In addition, the Government should also accelerates the presence of electric vehicles because the energy consumption from the transportation sector that comes from fossil fuels is also quite large.

So our step is to use clean energy to help overcome the impact of climate change in addition to maintaining the sustainability of forests and the replanting of deforested forests

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Government Revises NRE Energy Mix Target, Down to 17-19 % by 2025

 

Through the National Energy Council (DEN), the government has changed the new renewable energy mix (NRE) target in 2025 to 17-19 percent, which is lower than the previous target of 23 percent. This change was announced through the renewal of the National Energy Policy (KEN).

DEN has revised Government Regulation (PP) No. 79 of 2014 on the national energy policy, in order to adapt to changes in the strategic environment and fulfill obligations related to climate change. This step also aims to support the energy transition towards carbon neutrality by 2060.

DEN officer for energy policy and conference organization, explained that the previous target in 2023 was 23 percent, but with the KEN update, the target is now 17-19 percent. The goal of this change is that target achievements can still be met, even if only the lowest numbered scenario is achieved.

"The target is 23 percent in 2023. "In the renewal of the KEN, if PP signed by the president, it will change to 17-19 percent,As DEN Energy Policy and Conference Facilitation Office Head said at a press conference on the achievements of the ESDM 2023 sector and the Work Program for 2024 at the Office of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources in Jakarta

DEN stated that the goal change in the range of numbers was intended so that if the goal was achieved, it would still be achieved even though it was only achieved in the lowest number scenario.

It is good if the lower target is achieved, then the Government still work to attain the higher target.

In the energy transition plan in the revised PP KEN, the primary goal of the energy mix for EBT is expected to reach 19-21 percent in 2025, 25-26 percent in 2030, 38-41 percent in 2040 and reach 70-72 percent of the year 2060.

DEN also noted that significant changes have taken place in the 2060 NRE mix target, where the previous target of the old PP KEN was 70 percent of energy coming from fossils. However, with this change, the target is 70-72 percent of energy coming from NRE, while 30 percent is from fossil fuels.

It is targetted in later 2060 will be 70-72 percent NRE, while in the old PP KEN, 70 percent would be fossils by 2050. Now it's the other way around, 70 percent EBT, 30 percent fossil fuels.

Currently, the process of renewal of PP KEN is in the phase of harmonization by the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. This revision is also based on macroeconomic considerations, given that PP KEN was previously based on economic growth of 7-8 percent which was considered irrelevant to current economic conditions.

According to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM), the EBT mix by the end of 2023 reached only 13.1%.

The Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources  aims for the KEN RPP to be completed by June 2024.

We see that  the mix NRE target mainly based on economic growth prediction, as said by DEN officer.

We do not see that the government much consider on the availability of fossil energy and renewal energy in Indonesia. If the price of renewable energy still high then the government should make much effort to make renewable energy investment more feasible for the investor.

The latest condition happen in NRE investment where The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM)  terminate the electricity export-import scheme originating from rooftop solar power plants (PLTS) between customers and National Electricity company (PT PLN (Persero)).

This is in accordance with the issuance of Ministerial Regulation (Permen) concerning Energy and Mineral Resources Number 2 of 2024 which refers to PLTS Rooftops connected to the electric power network holders of business permits for providing electricity for the public interest (IUPTLU).

The Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation  office (EBTKE) of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources stated that the reason for the cancellation of the electricity export-import scheme from rooftop PLTS from consumers to PT PLN (Persero) was due to the minimal amount of electricity exports carried out by the community.

In the new regulation, even if someone carries out import and export activities of electricity produced from PLTS Rooftops from the community to PLN, the tariff will not be reduced or what is called 'lower costs' as applied in the regulation. Previous regulations, namely Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 26/2021, with this revision, the rules for exporting and importing electricity are abolished.

Thus, excess electricity from the Rooftop PLTS system that enters the current network is no longer taken into account in the electricity bills of customers who install Rooftop PLTS.

We can see that the government policy is not favour for investment in renewable  energy. Beside the community there will be industrial and commercial building that can install high capacity of PLTS which contribute significant amount in energy export to PLN. In turn their activity will support the government program in National Energy mix from renewable energy (NRE)

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ANALISA SIFAT BAHAN BAKAR BATUBARA - PROXYMATE DAN ULTIMATE ANALYSIS

 

PROXYMATE DAN ULTIMATE ANALYSIS

Klasifikasi Batubara

Batubara diklasifikasikan menjadi tiga jenis utama yaitu antrasit, bitumen, dan lignit. Namun tidak ada batas yang jelas di antara keduanya dan batubara juga diklasifikasikan lebih lanjut sebagai semi antrasit, semi-bituminous, dan sub-bituminous.

Antrasit adalah batubara tertua dari geologis perspektif. Ini adalah batubara keras yang sebagian besar terdiri dari karbon dengan sedikit kandungan volatil dan praktis tidak mengandung uap air.

Lignit adalah batubara termuda dari perspektif geologi. Ini adalah batubara lunak terutama terdiri dari bahan yang mudah menguap dan kadar air dengan karbon tetap (fixed carbon) rendah. Karbon tetap mengacu pada karbon dalam keadaan bebasnya, tidak digabungkan dengan unsur lain. Materi yang mudah menguap mengacu pada konstituen batubara yang mudah terbakar yang menguap ketika batubara dipanaskan.

Batubara yang umum digunakan dalam industri adalah batubara bituminous dan sub-bituminous.

Contoh Gradasi batubara berdasarkan nilai kalornya adalah sebagai berikut:

                              Nilai Kalor Kelas

Grade         (dalam kKal/Kg)

A                  Melebihi 6200

B                 5600 – 6200

C                 4940 – 5600

D                 4200 – 4940

E                 3360 – 4200

F                 2400 – 3360

G                 1300 – 2400

Biasanya nilai batubara D, E dan F tersedia untuk Industri.

Komposisi kimia batubara memiliki pengaruh yang kuat pada daya bakarnya. Properti (Sifat) batubara secara luas diklasifikasikan sebagai

A. Sifat fisik

B. Sifat Kimia

 

A.   Sifat fisik

Nilai Pemanasan:

Nilai kalor batubara bervariasi dari lapangan batubara ke lapangan batubara. GCV tipikal untuk berbagai

batubara diberikan pada Tabel1 .

TABEL 1

       GCV lignit sebagai ‘received bases' adalah pada 2500 – 3000

 

Analisis Batubara

Ada dua metode analilsis batubara yaitu :

1.    Ultimate analysis

2.    Proximate analysis

 PROXYMATE DAN ULTIMATE ANALYSIS

1.  Ultimate analysis

Ultimate analysis menentukan semua elemen komponen batubara, padat atau gas dan analisis proksimat hanya menentukan persentase karbon tetap, bahan volatil, kelembaban dan abu. Ultimate analysis analisis ditentukan di laboratorium yang dilengkapi dengan baik oleh ahli kimia yang terampil, sedangkan analisis proksimat dapat ditentukan dengan peralatan sederhana. Perlu dicatat bahwa proximate tidak ada hubungannya atau mengandung karta dengan kata "perkiraan".

Pengukuran Kelembaban

Penentuan kadar air dilakukan dengan menempatkan sampel batubara mentah bubuk ukuran 200- mikron dalam wadah terbuka dan ditempatkan dalam oven dengan suhu 108 ± 2 ° C bersama dengan

tutup. Kemudian sampel didinginkan pada suhu ruang dan ditimbang kembali. Kehilangan berat mewakili kelembaban.

Pengukuran Volatile Matter

Sampel batubara yang baru dihancurkan ditimbang, ditempatkan dalam cawan tertutup, dan dipanaskan dalam tanur pada suhu 900 ± 15°C. Untuk metodologi termasuk untuk karbon dan abu, lihat bagian IS 1350

I:1984, bagian III, IV. Sampel didinginkan dan ditimbang. Kehilangan berat mewakili kelembaban dan zat yang mudah menguap. Sisanya adalah kokas (fixed carbon dan abu).

Pengukuran Karbon dan Abu

Penutup dari krusibel yang digunakan pada pengujian terakhir dibuka dan krusibel dipanaskan di atas Pembakar Bunsen sampai semua karbon terbakar. Residu ditimbang, yang tidak dapat terbakar adalah abunya. Selisih berat dari penimbangan sebelumnya adalah fixed carbon. Dalam praktik sebenarnya, Fixed Carbon atau FC diturunkan dengan mengurangkan dari 100 nilai kadar air, bahan yang mudah menguap dan abu.

2.      Proximate analysis

Analisis proksimat menunjukkan persentase berat Karbon Tetap, Volatil, Abu, dan Kadar air dalam batubara. Jumlah karbon tetap dan bahan mudah terbakar yang mudah menguap secara langsung berkontribusi pada nilai kalor batubara. Karbon tetap bertindak sebagai penghasil panas utama selama pembakaran.

Kandungan volatile matter yang tinggi mengindikasikan mudahnya penyalaan bahan bakar. Kandungan abu penting dalam desain tungku perapian, volume pembakaran, peralatan pengendalian polusi dan penanganan abu sistem tungku. Sebuah analisis proksimat khas berbagai batubara diberikan dalam Tabel 2.

Tabel 2

Signifikansi Berbagai Parameter dalam Analisis Proksimat

(a) Karbon tetap (fixed carbon) :

Karbon tetap adalah bahan bakar padat yang tersisa di tungku setelah bahan yang mudah menguap didistilasi. Terdiri dari sebagian besar karbon tetapi juga mengandung beberapa hidrogen, oksigen, belerang dan nitrogen tidak terdorong dengan gas. Karbon tetap memberikan perkiraan kasar nilai kalor batubara.

(b) Zat Volatil:

Hal-hal yang mudah menguap adalah metana, hidrokarbon, hidrogen dan karbon monoksida, dan gas yang tidak mudah terbakar seperti karbon dioksida dan nitrogen yang ditemukan dalam batubara. Jadi zat yang mudah menguap adalah indeks bahan bakar gas yang ada. Kisaran umum bahan yang mudah menguap adalah 20 hingga 35%.

Materi Volatil

• Secara proporsional meningkatkan panjang nyala api, dan membantu penyalaan batubara yang lebih mudah.

• Menetapkan batas minimum tinggi dan volume tungku.

• Mempengaruhi kebutuhan udara sekunder dan aspek distribusi.

• Mempengaruhi dukungan oli sekunder

(c) Kandungan Abu:

Abu adalah pengotor yang tidak akan terbakar. Kisaran tipikal adalah 5 hingga 40% Abu

• Mengurangi kapasitas penanganan dan pembakaran.

• Meningkatkan biaya penanganan.

• Mempengaruhi efisiensi pembakaran dan efisiensi boiler

• Menyebabkan klinker dan slagging.

(d) Kandungan Kelembaban:

Kelembaban dalam batubara harus diangkut, ditangani dan disimpan. Karena menggantikan materi yang mudah terbakar, itu mengurangi kandungan panas per kg batubara. Kisaran tipikal adalah 0,5 hingga 10% Kelembaban

• Meningkatkan kehilangan panas, akibat penguapan dan pemanasan berlebihan uap

• Membantu, sampai batas tertentu, dalam denda yang mengikat.

• Membantu perpindahan panas radiasi.

(e) Kandungan Belerang:

Kisaran umumnya adalah 0,5 hingga 0,8% secara normal.

Sulfur

• Mempengaruhi kecenderungan klinkering dan slagging

• Menimbulkan korosi pada cerobong dan peralatan lainnya seperti pemanas udara dan economiser

• Membatasi suhu gas buang keluar.

 

B.     Sifat Kimia

Ultimate analysis:

Ultimate analysis menunjukkan berbagai kandungan unsur kimia seperti Karbon,Hidrogen, Oksigen, Belerang, dll. Berguna untuk menentukan jumlah udara yang dibutuhkan untuk pembakaran dan volume serta komposisi gas pembakaran. informasi ini dibutuhkan untuk perhitungan suhu nyala api dan desain saluran cerobong, dll. Analisis ultimat tipikal

berbagai batubara diberikan dalam Tabel 3 dan Table 4

 Tabel 3

Tabel 4

 

 

 

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Indonesia Electric Demand From Rapid Growth of Electric Vehicle (EV) Use

 Electric Car and Environment 

The growth of motorized vehicles is increasing currently. Based on BPS data (Nasional Bureau of Statisctic), growth in the number of national motorized is worrying because  fuel consumption significantly raises so that the amount of Indonesian fuel imports jumped dramatically. The value of fuel imports about 70-80% is consumed by the land transportation sector. This is expected  to increase constantly and according to the National Energy General Plan (RUEN) document, fuel imports will exceed IDR 550 trillion in 2025.

at this time, Fuel uses for motor vehicles also as a contributor to the  air pollution especially in big cities. The last measurement of the Environment Service shows that the air quality in big cities in Indonesia has worsened and the majority is caused by motor vehicle emissions. In Jakarta, for example, air quality is above the value of 155 from the upper threshold of 200 which shows that it is unhealthy and 78% of the causes are vehicles fossil fuel (BBM) engines.

 

The things above encourage the need for energy conservation  in the ground transportation sector from fossil fuels. We need  to use  more other forms of clean energy and the availability of energy comes from local  sources. The first suitable option is the implementation of Electric Vehicle (EV) for the land transportation sector, both personal and for public purposes. EV is considered more environmentally friendly because it does not emit gas emissions as it would in a fossil fuel vehicle. Environmental aspects will drive the general public to prefer EV in the future. Air pollution in urban areas will be drastically reduced if EVs is widely used in urban areas. This is what causes commitment of developed countries to encourage the development of implementation EV. Following are the policies of several countries related to EV:

● Norway, will sell electric vehicles in 2025.

● The Netherlands, will sell electric vehicles in 2025.

● Germany, will sell electric vehicles in 2030.

● India, will sell electric vehicles in 2030.

 

Electric Car Market Trends

The trend of the electric car market in Indonesia since 2011 is almost entirely dominated by hybrid type electric cars in line with the government's wishes to reduce CO2 emissions produced by the transportation sector.

Meanwhile, A total of 1,594 units of electrification technology vehicles (electric vehicles, EV) were sold at the GAIKINDO Indonesia International Auto Show or GIIAS 2022 automotive exhibition. This figure exceeds sales throughout 2021. The sales achievement of electric vehicles at the GIIAS event was far greater than EV sales during the one year period in 2021.

Picture below shows the market trend electric car in Indonesia period of years 2011-2019.

Electric Demand Projection

Based on the assumptions and market trends above and taking into account issuance of a Presidential Regulation concerning the Acceleration of Electric Motorized Vehicles Battery for Road Transport as well as production line setup time in manufacturing units, the estimation growth in electric vehicles quantity  in Indonesia are estimated as in the table below.

Tabel 1. Electric Vehicle Growth Projection 

The calculation of the accumulated number of electric vehicles in the table above is carried out taking into account the number of electric vehicles already circulating in Indonesia since 2011. Projection and preparation of roadmap update are being carried out taking into account the recovery time demand electric car due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Estimated Electrical Energy Needs for EV

Following are the assumptions used in calculating the need for Electrical Energy for EVs :

Tabel 2. Assumption Used in EV Energy Consumption Calculation

Assuming that the minimum average mileage range of the vehicle electricity a year is 8,500 km and the maximum is 18,800 km/year, then  maximum electricity consumption of an electric vehicle with an average battery capacity an average of 0.189 kWh/km. Consider charging period based on the type and type of charger, the average electricity demand can be determined in every year. the population of electric vehicles is estimated as many as 11,873 units in 2022, estimated needs average energy of 30.6 GWh. In accordance with the roadmap prepared until the year 2024 with an estimated number of electric vehicles of 38,491 units in the that year, the average energy demand in 2024 is around 99.3 GWh.

Reference

Electricity Business Plan (RUPTL) PT PLN (Persero) 2021-2030

https://www.acc.co.id/accone/InfoTerkini_Detail?Id=3905&title=Infografis-Prestasi-Penjualan-Mobil-Listrik-Indonesia-Meningkat-2-Kali-Lipat-

https://www.gaikindo.or.id/1-594-mobil-listrik-terjual-di-giias-2022-angkanya-meningkat/

 

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